|
Several Roman Catholic popes have been murdered. The circumstances have ranged from martyrdom (Pope Stephen I) to war (Lucius II),〔(Foul Play Suspected in Popes Death? ) Baltimore Afro-American - October 10, 1978〕 to a beating by a jealous husband (Pope John XII). A number of other popes have died under circumstances that some believe to be murder, but for which definitive evidence has not been found. ==Chronological list of martyr popes== The full list of popes from Peter up through John Paul II, including many mentioned as martyrs, is found in ''I Sommi Pontifici Romani'', ''Annuario Pontificio'', and the iconography of the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. A secondary source, ''Liber Pontificalis'' or "Book of the Popes", adds "crowned with martyrdom" for half a dozen of the first 33 popes not specifically identified as martyrs in the primary sources. Several other popes are traditionally said to have been martyred, according to the Acts of the Martyrs and other sources of unknown authenticity. *Saint Peter (c.67), traditionally martyred by crucifixion *Pope Linus (Saint) (c.67-c.76)〔''I Sommi Pontifici Romani''〕〔''Liber Pontificalis''〕 *Pope Anacletus or Cletus (Saint) (c.79-c.92)〔''Annuario Pontificio''〕〔 *Pope Clement I (Saint) (c.92-c.99), thrown into sea with anchor around his neck〔 *Pope Evaristus (c.99-c.108);〔〔 not listed in the ''Roman Martyrology'' *Pope Alexander I (Saint) (c.106-c.119);〔〔 recognition as the martyred Saint Alexander (feast day May 3) rescinded in 1960 *Pope Sixtus I (Saint) (c.119-c.128)〔〔 *Pope Telesphorus (Saint) (c.128-c.138)〔〔First pope listed as a martyr by Irenaeus' ''Against Heresies''〕 *Pope Hyginus (Saint) (c.138-c.142);〔 martyrdom dubious *Pope Pius I (Saint) (c.142-c.154), martyred by the sword; claim of martyrdom removed from the 1969 General Roman Calendar〔"Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 129〕 *Pope Anicetus (Saint) (155-166), traditionally martyred.〔 *Pope Soter (Saint) (166-175), died a martyr 〔 *Pope Eleuterus (Saint) (175-189), died a martyr 〔 *Pope Victor I (Saint) 189-199, died a martyr 〔 *Pope Calixtus I (Saint) (217-222), died a martyr 〔 *Pope Urban I (Saint) 222-230, died a martyr 〔 *Pope Pontian (Saint) 230-235, condemned to mines in Sardinia and died on island of Tavolara〔 *Pope Anterus (Saint) Elected 235-12-21, martyred at hands of Emperor Maximus 〔 *Pope Fabian (Saint) Elected 236-1-10 and died a martyr 250-1-20 during persecution by Decius〔 *Pope Cornelius (Saint) (Elected March 251 and died a martyr June 253).〔 *Pope Lucius I (Saint) Elected 253-6-25 and martyred 254-3-5.〔 *Pope Stephen I (Saint) Elected 254-5-12 and martyred 257-8-2.〔〔 *Pope Sixtus II (Saint) Elected 257-8-30 and martyred 258-8-6.〔 *Pope Dionysius (Saint) Elected 259-7-22 after year of persecutions and died 268-12-26, martyred 〔 *Pope Felix I (Saint) Elected 269-1-5 and died 274-12-30, martyred 〔 *Pope Eutychian (Saint) Elected 275-1-4 and martyred 283-12-7. 〔 *Pope Caius (Saint) Elected 283-12-17 and martyred 296-4-22, but not at hands of his uncle, Diocletian 〔 *Pope Marcellinus (Saint) Elected 296-6-30 and martyred 304-10-25 during persecution of Diocletian 〔 *Pope Marcellus I (Saint) Elected 308-5-27 after 4-year vacancy and martyred 309-1-16.〔 *Pope Eusebius (Saint) Elected 309-4-18 and martyred in Sicily 309-8-17. 〔〔(Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope St. Eusebius )〕 *Pope Martin I (Saint) Elected in 649. Died in exile 655-9-16 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of murdered popes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|